Examples of titanium and titanium alloys in human cardiovascular applications include artificial heart valves, blood filters, pacemakers, and artificial heart pumps.

Figure 2 Photograph of 3D digitally formed titanium mesh restoration

Fig. 2 Photo of 3D digital shaping titanium meshrestoration

Photograph of 3D digitally formed titanium mesh restoration

The main advantages are:

① High strength, good chemical stability and excellent biocompatibility;

② Titanium is non-magnetic and rarely produces artifacts in the magnetic resonance spectrum MRI;

③ The elastic ability and shape recovery function of NiTi memory alloys are very suitable for medical applications. NiTi alloys are martensitic at low temperatures (near zero), and can easily be transformed into shapes that can be easily introduced into the body. A reverse phase change will occur when it returns to the original set shape, and a large restoring force will play a role of orthopedic and support. In recent years, the application of NiTi shape memory alloys on vascular stents has attracted much attention. However, NiTi alloys may dissolve Ni ions under physiological conditions, thereby inducing toxicity and inflammatory reactions. For this reason, researchers have carried out a large number of surface modification studies on this alloy. The main methods are surface inert coating, surface oxidation, surface activation, and surface grafting of macromolecules. [33] Although their standpoints are different, all It can effectively inhibit the dissolution of Ni ions and improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of NiTi alloys.

According to relevant data [35], the incidence rate of adult rheumatic heart disease in China is 2. 34% to 2.72%, and about 1.9 million adult rheumatic heart disease patients are calculated based on the total population. Due to severe valve disease, about 250,000 patients need artificial heart valve replacement surgery, while the actual artificial heart valve usage is only 25,000, and the domestic demand is about 30%. The annual demand for pacemakers is about 400,000 units, which is practical. The domestic production rate is only 1%, while the domestic production rate of coronary stent products is relatively high, reaching about 50%.

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